Which covenant underwrites the other four covenants and guarantees the grantee's ownership?

• A. Covenant of quiet enjoyment
• B. Covenant of encumbrances
• C. Covenant of seizin
• D. Covenant of warranty forever

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is the broad protective promise that ties all title protections together: the covenant of warranty forever. In a general warranty deed, this covenant is the strongest guarantee the grantor makes. It promises that the grantor will defend the grantee’s title against any claims and will compensate the grantee for losses if title defects arise, even if the problems trace back to earlier owners. Because of this expansive protection, it effectively supports all the other covenants—seizin, which asserts rightful ownership and the right to convey; against encumbrances, which promises there are no hidden liens or encumbrances; and quiet enjoyment, which assures the grantee won’t be disturbed by third-party claims. If a title issue surfaces, the warranty provides a remedy, which makes it the overarching safeguard for the grantee’s ownership.